Metal hardening is the process of making metals such as stainless steel plates stronger. For example, metals such as stainless steel plates used in daily life can be better resistant to wear after hardening. There are different types of metal hardening processes like heat treatment etc. Which method to use depends on the type of metal that will undergo the process and its level of hardness. The hardening process often changes the mechanical properties of metals such as stainless steel sheets. It makes the metal piece harder to wear and also gains strength, making it harder to deform. The metal hardening process may also alter the physical properties of some metals, including their magnetic properties. Surface hardening of metals increases their wear resistance and makes them stronger. Surface hardening involves changing the chemical composition and microstructure of the metal at the surface area. Thermal and chemical hardfacing methods are performed using heat-based and chemical-based processes. Laser heat treatment is a relatively recent surface hardening technique. Quench hardening is a form of heat hardening used on steel and cast iron metals. The process involves heating the metal to a certain temperature, which depends on the percentage of carbon in the steel...
Overview of GH3536 features and application fields: This is a high-iron nickel-based high-temperature alloy mainly solid-solution-strengthened with chromium and molybdenum. It has good oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance, and has medium to high durability and creep strength below 900 ° C. Cold and hot Good formability and weldability. It is suitable for the manufacture of combustion chamber components and other high-temperature components of aero-engines. It can be used for a long time below 900°C, and the short-term working temperature can reach 1080°C. GH3536 similar grades: UNS NO6002 HastelloyX (USA), NC22FeD (France), NiCr22FeMo (Germany), Nimonic PE13 (UK) GH3536 chemical composition: (GB/T14992-2005) Alloy grade % Nickel Ni Chromium Cr Iron Fe Tungsten W Molybdenum Mo Cobalt Co Carbon C Manganese Mn Silicon Si Sulfur S Phosphorus P Copper Cu Aluminum Al Titanium TiGH3536 Minimum balance 20.517.00.28.00.50.05 Maximum 23.020.01.010.02.50.151.01. 00.0150.0250.500.150.5 GH3536 physical properties: Density g/cm3 Melting point ℃ Thermal conductivity λ/(W/m·℃) Specific heat capacity J/kg·℃ Elastic modulus GPa Shear modulus GPa Resistivity μΩ·m Poisson's ratio Linear expansion coefficient a/10-6℃ -18.281295138113.38(100℃)372.6 1.180.312.1(20~100℃) GH3536 mechanical properties: (minimum value of mechanical properties tested at 20°C) Heat treatment method Tensile strength σb/MPa Yield strength σp0.2/MPa Elongation σ5 /% Brinell hardness HBS solution treatment 69027530≥241 GH3536 Production Execution Standards: GH3536 metallographic structure: The structure of the alloy in the solid solution state is austenite matrix, and there are a small amount of TiN and M6C carbides. GH3536 process performance and requirements: 1. The alloy has good cold and hot workability, and the forging heating temperature is 1170°C. 2. The average grain size of the alloy is closely related to the degree of deformation of the forging and the final forging temperature. 3. The alloy has satisfactory welding performance, and can be welded by argon arc welding, seam welding, spot welding and other methods. HGH3536 or HGH3113 welding wire is recommended for argon arc welding.
Beginning in World War II, “superalloys” were first used to describe a group of alloys developed in turbochargers and aircraft turbine engines that required high performance at high temperatures. The application range of superalloys has expanded to many other fields, including aircraft and land-based gas turbines, rocket engines, chemical and petroleum plants. They are especially suitable for these demanding applications. Superalloys are based on Group VIIIB elements and generally consist of various combinations of Fe, Ni, Co, and Cr with small amounts of W, Mo, Ta, Nb, Ti, and Al. The three main superalloys are nickel, iron, and cobalt-based alloys. Like iron and copper, nickel has been used in alloys since it entered civil society. But compared to steel, brass and bronze, nickel alloys are latecomers to the chemical industry. The development of nickel alloys has been promoted by the continuous advancement of metallurgical technology and manufacturing technology, which has promoted its wide application in the chemical industry. Nickel alloys have excellent corrosion resistance, strength, toughness, metallurgical stability, processability and weldability. Many nickel alloys also have excellent heat resistance, making them ideal for applications requiring high-temperature strength and high-temperature chemical resistance. The first commercially important nickel alloy was Alloy 400,...
In the past 10 years, with the continuous rise of iron ore prices, the cost of iron ore has accounted for about 40%-50% of the cost of steel production. The rise and fall of iron ore prices are directly related to the rise and fall of steel prices. Here, let us analyze why the price of iron ore is rising year by year? What will the price trend of iron ore be like in the future? As we all know, China is an iron-poor country with low domestic iron ore reserves and low grades. This has resulted in a high degree of dependence of Chinese iron and steel enterprises on foreign iron ore, and this situation is difficult to change. According to customs data, my country will import a total of 1.17 billion tons of iron ore in 2020, and its dependence on foreign countries will reach 82.3%. In 2021, my country will import 1.12 billion tons of iron ore, a year-on-year decrease of 3.9%. However, my country’s iron ore imports reached US$184.67 billion, a substantial increase of 49.3% year-on-year. The import volume hit the highest record since the import of iron ore in my country. The average price of...
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