1. Low-temperature embrittlement of stainless steel pipes—In low-temperature environments, the deformation energy is small. In low-temperature environments, the phenomenon of reduced elongation and cross-sectional shortening is called low-temperature embrittlement.

2. Low-temperature processing of stainless steel pipes—Martensitic stainless steel is cooled to an extremely low temperature after quenching at austenitizing temperature to promote martensite quenching.
Applicable to stainless steel that only produces residual austenite.

At low temperatures, resistance, linear expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity, mass heat melt, and magnetic properties have all undergone tremendous changes. Resistance and linear expansion coefficient become smaller at low temperatures; thermal conductivity and mass heat capacity drop sharply at low temperatures; when the temperature drops, Young’s modulus and longitudinal elastic modulus increase simultaneously.

Regarding the low-temperature state, ferritic stainless steel pipes have low-temperature brittleness like carbon steel, while austenitic steel does not have low-temperature brittleness. Therefore, ferritic or martensitic stainless steels undergo low-temperature embrittlement, and austenitic stainless steels or nickel-based alloys do not have low-temperature brittleness. Since ferritic stainless steel has a body-centered cubic structure, when the material function weakens, sharp cracks expand rapidly and form brittle damage.

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